Lighting apparatus with a light source comprising light emitting diodes

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a lighting apparatus with a light source using one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) to generate light. In one embodiment, the lighting apparatus comprises a light diffusing assembly that generates an optical intensity profile consistent with incandescent lamps. The light diffusing assembly comprises an envelope and a reflector element having frusto-conical member and an aperture element disposed therein. The lighting apparatus can also comprise a heat dissipating assembly with a plurality of heat dissipating elements disposed radially about the envelope. In one example, the heat dissipating elements are spaced apart from the envelope to promote convective heat dissipation.

This application is a continuation of copending, commonly-ownedapplication Ser. No. 13/189052, filed on 22 Jul. 2011 (now allowed),which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The subject matter of the present disclosure relates to lighting andlighting devices and, more particularly, to embodiments of a lightingapparatus using light-emitting diodes (LEDs), wherein the embodimentsexhibit an optical intensity distribution consistent with commonincandescent lamps.

Incandescent lamps (e.g., integral incandescent lamps and halogen lamps)mate with a lamp socket via a threaded base connector (sometimesreferred to as an “Edison base” in the context of an incandescent lightbulb), a bayonet-type base connector (i.e., bayonet base in the case ofan incandescent light bulb), or other standard base connector. Theselamps are often in the form of a unitary package, which includescomponents to operate from standard electrical power (e.g., 110 V and/or220 V AC and/or 12 VDC). In the case of incandescent and halogen lamps,these components are minimal, as the lamp comprises an incandescentfilament that operates at high temperature and efficiently radiatesexcess heat into the ambient. Many incandescent lamps areomni-directional light sources. These types of lamps provide light ofsubstantially uniform optical intensity distribution (or, “opticalintensity”). Such lamps find diverse applications such as in desk lamps,table lamps, decorative lamps, chandeliers, ceiling fixtures, and otherapplications where a uniform distribution of light in all directions isdesired.

Solid-state lighting technologies such as LEDs and LED-based devicesoften have performance that is superior to incandescent lamps. Thisperformance can be quantified by its useful lifetime (e.g., its lumenmaintenance and its reliability over time). For example, whereas thelifetime of incandescent lamps is typically in the range about 1000 to5000 hours, lighting devices that use LED-based devices are capable ofoperation in excess of 25,000 hours, and perhaps as much as 100,000hours or more.

Unfortunately, LED-based devices are highly directional by nature.Common LED devices are flat and emit light from only one side. Thus,although superior in performance, the optical intensity of manycommercially-available LED lamps intended as incandescent replacementsis not consistent with the optical intensity of incandescent lamps.

Yet another challenge with solid-state technology is the need toadequately dissipate heat. LED-based devices are highlytemperature-sensitive in both performance and reliability as comparedwith incandescent or halogen filaments. These features are oftenaddressed by placing a heat sink in contact with or in thermal contactwith the LED device. However, the heat sink may block light that the LEDdevice emits and hence further limits the ability to generate light ofuniform optical intensity. Physical constraints such as regulatorylimits that define maximum dimensions for all lamp components, includinglight sources, further limit that ability to properly dissipate heat.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure describes embodiments of a lighting apparatuswith an optical intensity consistent with an incandescent lamp and withadequate heat dissipation to avoid problems with excess heat. Otherfeatures and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent byreference to the following description taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference is now made briefly to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of a side view of one exemplaryembodiment of a lighting apparatus;

FIG. 2 depicts a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of alighting apparatus;

FIG. 3 depicts a side view of the lighting apparatus of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 depicts a side view of the lighting apparatus of FIG. 2 comparedto an example of an industry standard lamp profile;

FIG. 5 depicts a cross-section, side view of the lighting apparatustaken along line A-A of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 depicts a side view of the lighting apparatus of FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 depicts a top view of the lighting apparatus of FIG. 2;

FIG. 8 depicts a plot of an optical intensity distribution profile foran embodiment of a lighting apparatus such as the lighting apparatus ofFIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; and

FIG. 9 depicts a plot of LED board temperature profiles for twoembodiments of a lighting apparatus such as the lighting apparatus ofFIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Where applicable like reference characters designate identical orcorresponding components and units throughout the several views, whichare not to scale unless otherwise indicated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, an element or function recited in the singular andproceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as notexcluding plural said elements or functions, unless such exclusion isexplicitly recited. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of theclaimed invention should not be interpreted as excluding the existenceof additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a lighting apparatus 100.The lighting apparatus 100 comprises a base 102, a center axis 104, anorth pole 106, and a south pole 108. The north pole 106 and the southpole 108 form a coordinate system that is useful to describe the spatialdistribution of illumination that the lighting apparatus generates. Thecoordinate system is typically of the spherical coordinate system type,which in the present example comprises an elevation or latitudecoordinate θ and an azimuth or longitude coordinate φ. For purposes ofthe discussion below, the latitude coordinate θ=0° at the north pole 106and the latitude coordinate φ=180° at the south pole 108.

The lighting apparatus 100 also comprises a light diffusing assembly110, a heat dissipating assembly 112, and a light source 114 whichgenerates light. The light diffusing assembly 110 has an envelope 116,which in one example comprises light-transmissive material. The envelope116 has an outer surface 118, an inner surface 120, and an interiorvolume 122. Inside of the interior volume 122, the light diffusingassembly 110 comprises a reflector element 124 with an outer reflectiveportion 126 and an inner transmissive portion 128.

At a relatively high level, embodiments of the lighting apparatus 100generate light with a relative optical intensity distribution (or“optical intensity”) at a level of about 100±20% over values of thelatitude coordinate θ of about 0° to about 135° or greater. In oneembodiment, the lighting apparatus 100 maintains a relative opticalintensity at a level of about 100±20% at values of the latitudecoordinate θ of about 0° to about 150° or greater. In anotherembodiment, the lighting apparatus 100 maintains a relative opticalintensity at a level of about 100±10% at values of the latitudecoordinate θ of about 0° to about 150° or greater. These characteristicscomply with target values for optical intensity that the Department ofEnergy defines for solid-state lighting products as well as otherindustry standards and ratings (e.g., Energy Star). For example, levelsof optical intensity that the lighting apparatus 100 provides aresuitable to replace common, incandescent light bulbs. Moreover, physicalcharacteristics of the lighting apparatus 100 are consistent with thephysical lamp profile of such incandescent light bulbs, where the outerdimension defines boundaries in which the lighting apparatus 100 mustfit. Examples of this outer dimension meets one or more regulatorylimits (e.g., ANSI, NEMA, etc.).

The envelope 116 can be substantially hollow and have a curvilineargeometry, e.g., spherical, spheroidal, ellipsoidal, toroidal, ovoidal,etc, that diffuses light. In some embodiments, the envelope 116comprises a glass element, although this disclosure contemplates avariety of light-transmissive material such as diffusive plastics (e.g.,diffusing polycarbonate) and/or diffusing polymers that diffuse light.Materials of the envelope 116 may be inherently light-diffusive (e.g.,opal glass) or can be made light-diffusive in various ways such as byfrosting and/or other texturing of the inside surface (e.g., the innersurface 120) and/or the outer surface (e.g., the outer surface 118) topromote light diffusion. In one example, the envelope 116 comprises acoating (not shown) such as enamel paint and/or other light-diffusivecoating (available, for example, from General Electric Company, NewYork, USA). Suitable types of coatings are found on glass bulbs of someincandescent or fluorescent light bulbs. In still other examples,manufacturing techniques may embed light-scattering particles or fibersor other light scattering media in the material of the envelope 116.

The reflector element 124 fits within the envelope 116 in a position tointercept light from the light source 114. Fasteners such as adhesivecan secure the peripheral edge of the reflector element 124 to the innersurface 120. In some embodiments, the inner surface 120 and thereflector element 124 can comprise one or more complimentary features(e.g., a boss and/or a ledge), the combination of which secure thereflector element 124 in position. These features may form a snap-fit orhave another mating configuration that prevents the reflector element124 from moving.

The inner transmissive portion 128 is proximate the center axis 104.Materials for the inner transmissive portion 128 may be a light diffusercomprising glass, plastic, ceramic, or surface diffusers and likematerials that promote the scattering and transmission of lighttherethrough. Materials for the inner transmissive portion 128 may alsobe a light transmitter having minimal or no scattering, comprisingglass, plastic, ceramic, or other optically transparent material. Theinner transmissive portion 128 may also be an open aperture allowinglight to transmit through without modification. The inner transmissiveportion 128 may also be omitted.

In the present example, the outer reflective portion 126 bounds theinner transmissive portion 128 and has optical properties that reflector transmit or scatter light or combination of reflection, transmission,and scattering of light. These optical properties may result frommaterials used to construct the reflector element 124 including theinner transmissive portion 128. In some examples, the outer reflectivepotion 126 comprises an optically opaque and highly reflective materialsuch as a solid polymer, ceramic, glass, or metal, or a reflectivecoating, or laminate on a substrate, etc. The reflected light may bespecularly reflected, or diffusely reflected, or a combination ofspecularly and diffusely reflected. In one example, both sides of thereflector element 124 comprise a coating/laminate to form the outerreflective portion 126. In some other examples, the outer reflectiveportion 126 comprises an optically reflective and transmissive materialsuch as a solid polymer, ceramic, glass, or a reflective coating orlaminate on a substrate, etc., that can reflect a portion of light andtransmit a portion of light. The transmitted portion of light may bescattered or partially scattered or not scattered. The reflected portionof light may be specularly reflected, or diffusely reflected, or acombination of specularly and diffusely reflected. In still otherexamples, in lieu of distinctly arranged transmissive and reflectiveportions (e.g., the outer reflective portion 126 and the innertransmissive portion 128), the reflector element 124 can have a patternof one or more reflective elements and/or transmissive elements thatcause the reflector element 124 to both transmit and reflect light.

Turning next to FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 another exemplary embodimentof a lighting apparatus 200 is shown. FIG. 2 depicts a perspective viewof the lighting apparatus 200 and FIGS. 3, 4 and 6 illustrate a sideview of the lighting apparatus 200. FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectionof the lighting apparatus 200 taken along line A-A (FIG. 2). FIG. 7illustrates a top view of the lighting apparatus 200. Like numerals areused to identify like components as between FIG. 1 and FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5,6 and 7, except that the numerals are increased by 100 (e.g., 100 inFIG. 1 is now 200 in FIGS. 2,3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). For example,embodiments of the lighting apparatus 200 comprise a center axis 204, alight diffusing assembly 210, a heat dissipating assembly 212, and alight source 214. The light diffusing assembly 210 comprises an envelope216 with an outer surface 218 and an inner surface 220.

In FIG. 2, the light source 214 comprises a solid-state device 230 withone or more light-emitting elements 232, e.g., light-emitting diodes(LEDs). The reflector element 224 comprises a cone element 234 and anaperture element 238. The heat dissipating assembly 212 comprises a baseelement 240, in thermal contact with the light source 214, and one ormore heat dissipating elements 242 coupled to the base element 240. Theheat dissipating elements 242 promote conduction, convection, andradiation of heat away from the light source 214. For example, the heatdissipating elements 242 have an element body 244 with a tip end 246 anda base end 248 that can conduct thermal energy from the base element240.

The solid-state device 230 can comprise a planar LED-based light sourcethat emits light into a hemisphere having a nearly Lambertian intensitydistribution, compatible with the light diffusing assembly 210 forproducing omni-directional illumination distribution. In one embodiment,the planar LED-based Lambertian light source includes a plurality of LEDdevices (e.g., LEDs 232) mounted on a circuit board (not shown), whichis optionally a metal core printed circuit board (MCPCB). The LEDdevices may comprise different types of LEDs. For example, thesolid-state device 230 may comprise one or more first LED devices andone or more second LED devices having respective spectra and intensitiesthat mix to render white light of a desired color temperature and colorrendering index (CRI). In one embodiment, the first LED devices outputwhite light, which in one example has a greenish rendition (achievable,for example, by using a blue- or violet-emitting LED chip that is coatedwith a suitable “white” phosphor). The second LED devices output redand/or orange light (achievable, for example, using a GaAsP or AlGaInPor other epitaxy LED chip that naturally emits red and/or orange light).The light from the first LED devices and second LED devices blendtogether to produce improved color rendition. In another embodiment, theplanar LED-based Lambertian light source can also comprise a single LEDdevice or an array of LED emitters incorporated into a single LEDdevice, which may be a white LED device and/or a saturated color LEDdevice and/or so forth. In another embodiment, the LED emitter areorganic LEDs comprising, in one example, organic compounds that emitlight.

As best shown in FIG. 3, the element body 244 of the heat dissipatingelements 242 has a peripheral edge 250 that forms the outer periphery orshape of the heat dissipating elements 242. Each of the heat dissipatingelements 242 have an element surface 252 on the front and back of theelement body 244. The peripheral edge 250 comprises an outer peripheraledge 254 and an inner peripheral edge 256 proximate the outer surface218 of the envelope 216. A gap 260 separates the inner peripheral edge256 from the outer surface 218 of the envelope 216.

The gap 260 spaces the tip end 246 of the heat dissipating elements 242away from the outer surface 218 of the envelope 216. Generally the gap260 is smaller at tip end 246 than at the base end 248. Surprisingly,this configuration improves heat dissipation and reduces the LED boardtemperature by about 5° C. at least as compared to other designs inwhich all or a portion of the heat dissipating element 242 nearlycontacts the envelope 216. It is believed that the gap 260 providesspace between the inner peripheral edge 256 and the outer surface 218 tofacilitate air flow and convection currents. The space effectivelyreduces friction and drag on the air, which improves air flow over theouter surface 218 of the envelope 216, the front and back faces of theelement body 244, and the inner peripheral edge 256. The improved flowof air increases the rate of convection and the rate of heatdissipation. In one embodiment, the gap 260 at the tip end 246 is fromabout 1.75 mm to about 3 mm, about 2 mm or greater and, in one example,the gap 260 is about 3 mm or more. In one embodiment the gap 260 at thebase end 248 is greater than the gap 260 at the tip end 246, where thegap 260 can be from about 3 mm to about 10 mm or more.

In addition to the lighting apparatus 200, FIG. 4 shows that the outerperipheral edge 254 fits within a lamp profile 262, the extent of whichis defined by an outer dimension D, which can be from about 60 mm (e.g.,typical of a GE A19 incandescent lamp) to about 69.5 mm (e.g., themaximum diameter allowed by ANSI for an A19 lamp. Embodiments of thelighting apparatus 200 are amenable to many other examples of the lampprofile 262. Some examples include A-type (e.g., A15, A19, A21, A23,etc.) and G-type (e.g., G20, G30, etc.) as well as other profiles thatvarious industry standards known and recognized in the art define.

In designing the heat dissipating assembly 212, the limiting thermalimpedance in a passively cooled thermal circuit is typically theconvective impedance to ambient air (that is, dissipation of heat intothe ambient air). It is generally simpler to optimize the thermalconduction through the bulk of the heat dissipating assembly 212 than itis to optimize the convention and radiation to ambient from the heatdissipating assembly 212. Furthermore, the convective heat transfer toambient from the heat dissipating assembly 212 is generally much greaterthan the radiative heat transfer to ambient from the heat dissipatingassembly 212. So, to achieve the most effective cooling of the LEDs, itis required to minimize the thermal impedance of the convective heattransfer to ambient from the heat dissipating assembly 212.

This convective impedance is generally proportional to the surface areaof the heat dissipating assembly 212. In the case of a replacement lampapplication, where the lighting apparatus 200 must fit into the samespace as the traditional Edison-type incandescent lamp being replaced(e.g., into the lamp profile 262), there is a fixed limit on theavailable amount of surface area of the imaginary outside elementprofile. Therefore, it is advantageous to increase the available surfacearea that is in contact with ambient air as much as possible for heatdissipation into the ambient, such as by placing the heat dissipatingelements 242 or other heat dissipating structures around or adjacent tothe light source 214, and by maximizing the surface area of each of theheat dissipating elements 242, and by maximizing the number of heatdissipating elements 242, while maintaining a minimal blockage of lightfrom the envelope 116. Functionally, however, the configuration of theheat dissipating elements 242 may be required to vary to meet not onlythe physical lamp profile (e.g., the lamp profile 262) of currentregulatory limits (ANSI, NEMA, etc.), but also to satisfy consumeraesthetics or manufacturing constraints as well.

Thermal properties of the heat dissipating elements 242 can have asignificant effect on the total energy that the heat dissipatingassembly 212 dissipates and, accordingly, the temperature of thesolid-state device 230 and any corresponding driver electronics. Sincethe performance and reliability of the solid-state device 230 and driverelectronics is generally limited by operating temperature, it iscritical to select one or more materials with appropriate properties.The thermal conductivity of a material defines the ability of a materialto conduct heat. Since the solid-state device 230 may have a very highheat density, the heat dissipating assembly 212 should preferablycomprise materials with high thermal conductivity so that the generatedheat can be conducted through a low thermal resistance away from thesolid-state device 230.

In general, metallic materials have a high thermal conductivity, withcommon structural metals such as alloy steel, cast aluminum, extrudedaluminum, copper, or engineered composite materials such asthermally-conductive polymers. Exemplary materials can exhibit thermalconductivities of about 50 W/m-K, from about 80 W/m-K to about 100W/m-K, 170 W/m-K, 390 W/m-K, and from about 1 W/m-K to about 30 W/m-K,respectively. A high conductivity material will allow more heat to movefrom the thermal load to ambient and result in a reduction intemperature rise of the thermal load. The heat dissipating assembly 212(e.g., the base element 240 and the heat dissipating elements 242) cancomprise one or more high thermal conductivity materials includingmetals (e.g., aluminum), plastics, plastic composites, ceramics, ceramiccomposite materials, nano-materials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) orCNT composites.

Practical considerations, such as manufacturing process or cost, mayaffect the selection of materials and the effective thermal properties.For example, cast aluminum, which is generally less expensive in largequantities, has a thermal conductivity value approximately half ofextruded aluminum. It is preferred for ease and cost of manufacture touse predominantly one material for the majority of the heat dissipatingassembly 212 (e.g., the base element 240 and the heat dissipatingelements 242), but combinations of cast/extrusion methods of the samematerial or even incorporating two or more different materials intoconstruction of the heat dissipating assembly 212 to maximize coolingare also possible.

Embodiments of the lighting apparatus 200 can comprise 3 or more heatdissipating elements 242 arranged radially about the center axis 204.The heat dissipating elements 242 can be equally spaced from one anotherso that adjacent ones of the heat dissipating elements 242 are separatedby at least about 45° for an 8-fin apparatus and 22.5° for an 18-finapparatus measured along the longitude coordinate φ. Physical dimensions(e.g., width, thickness, and height) can also determine the necessaryseparation between the heat dissipating elements 242 as well as otherphysical aspects of the lighting apparatus 200.

Moreover, the physical dimensions, placement, and configuration of theheat dissipating elements 242 may also impact a variety of lightingcharacteristics, including the optical intensity of the lightingapparatus 200. For example, the width of the heat dissipating elements242 affects primarily the latitudinal uniformity of the lightdistribution, the thickness of the heat dissipating elements 242 affectsprimarily the longitudinal uniformity of the light distribution, and theheight of the heat dissipating elements 242 affects how much of thelatitudinal uniformity is disturbed. In general terms, in order tominimize the distortion of the light intensity distribution the samefraction of the emitted light should interact with the heat dissipatingelements 242 at all angles θ. In functional terms, to maintain theexisting light intensity distribution of the light diffusing assembly210, the area of the element surfaces 252 in view of the light source214 created by the width and thickness of the heat dissipating elements242 should stay in a constant ratio with the surface area of theemitting light surface that they encompass.

The heat dissipating assembly 212 can also have optical properties thataffect the resultant optical intensity. When light impinges on asurface, it can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. In the case ofmost engineering thermal materials, they are opaque to visible light,and hence, visible light can be absorbed or reflected from the surface.In consideration of optical properties, selection and design of thelight apparatus 200 should contemplate the optical reflectivityefficiency, optical specularity, and the size and location of the heatdissipating elements 242. As discussed hereinbelow, concerns of opticalefficiency, optical reflectivity, and intensity will refer herein to theefficiency and reflectivity the wavelength range of visible light,typically about 400 nm to about 700 nm.

The absolute reflectivity of the surface of the heat dissipatingelements 242 will affect the total efficiency of the lighting apparatus200 as well as the intrinsic light intensity distribution of the lightsource 214. Though only a small fraction of the light emitted from thelight source 214 may impinge the heat dissipating assembly 212 with heatdissipating elements 242 arranged around the light source 214, if thereflectivity is very low, a large amount of flux will be lost on theelement surfaces 252 of the heat dissipating elements 242, and reducethe overall efficiency of the lighting apparatus 200.

The optical intensity is affected by both the redirection of emittedlight from the light source 214 and also absorption of flux by the heatdissipating assembly 212. In one embodiment, if the reflectivity of theheat dissipating elements 242 is kept at a high level, such as greaterthan 70%, the distortions in the optical intensity can be minimized.Similarly, the longitudinal and latitudinal intensity distributions canbe affected by the surface finish of the thermal heat sink and surfaceenhancing elements. Smooth surfaces with a high specularity(mirror-like) distort the underlying intensity distribution less thandiffuse (Lambertian) surfaces as the light is directed outward along theincident angle rather than perpendicular to the surface of the heatdissipating elements 242.

The thermal emissivity, or efficiency of radiation in the far infraredregion (approximately 5-15 μm) of the electromagnetic radiationspectrum, is also an important property for the surfaces of the heatdissipating elements 242. Generally, very shiny metal surfaces have verylow emissivity, on the order of 0.0-0.2. Hence, some sort of coating orsurface finish may be desirable, such as paints (0.7-0.95) or anodizedcoatings (0.55-0.85). A high emissivity coating on the heat dissipatingelements 242 may dissipate approximately 40% more heat than bare metalwith low emissivity. Selection of a high-emissivity coating must alsotake into account the optical properties of the coating, as lowreflectivity or low specularity in the visible wavelength can adverselyaffect the overall efficiency and light distribution of the lightingapparatus 100.

A range of surface finishes, varying from a specular (reflective) to adiffuse (Lambertian) surface can be selected for the heat dissipatingelements 242. The specular designs can be a reflective base material oran applied highly specular coating. The diffuse surface can be a finishon the heat dissipating elements 242, or an applied paint or powdercoating or foam or fiber mat or other diffuse coating. Each providescertain advantages and disadvantages. For example, a highly reflectivesurface may have the ability to maintain the light intensitydistribution, but may be thermally disadvantageous due to the generallylower emissivity of bare metal surfaces. Or a highly diffuse,high-reflectivity coating may require a thickness that provides athermally insulating barrier between the heat dissipating elements 242and the ambient air.

In addition, highly specular surfaces may be difficult to maintain overthe life of the lighting apparatus 200, which is typically 25,000-50,000hours. A visibility transparent coating may be applied over the specularsurface to improve the resistance to abrasion and oxidation of thesurface. Further if the visibly transparent coating has a high emittancein the infrared, then the thermal radiation may be desirably enhanced.In one embodiment, the heat diffusing elements 242 can comprise adiffuse surface. The maintenance of the diffuse surface might be robustover the life of the lighting apparatus than a specular surface, and canalso provide a visual appearance that is similar to existingincandescent omnidirectional light sources. A diffuse finish might alsohave an increased thermal emissivity compared to a specular surfacewhich will increase the heat dissipation capacity of the heat sink, asdescribed above. In one example, the coating will possess a highlyspecula surface and also a high emissivity, examples of which would behighly specular paints, or high emissivity coatings over a highlyspecular finish or coating.

The cross-section of FIG. 5 and the top view of FIG. 6 shows oneconfiguration of the reflector element 224. In FIG. 5, the cone element234 has a frusto-conical member 264 with a thin-wall profile 266, anupper surface 268, and a lower surface 270. The frusto-conical member264 forms an angle β with the center axis 204. In one embodiment, theangle β may be less than 90°, in which case the frusto-conical member264 has its larger diameter at the bottom and its smaller diameter atthe top, as shown in FIG. 5. In one embodiment, the angle β may be 90°,in which case the frusto-conical member 264 simplifies to a flat circleand, in construction, the flat circuit comprises an aperture at thecenter. In another embodiment, the angle β may be greater than 90°, sothat the frusto-conical member 264 is inverted. In yet anotherembodiment, the frusto-conical member 264 might be a combination ofmultiple frusto-conical members, one or more of which has differentangle β and joined together, e.g., at their edges. An example of thismultiple-member construction is shown in FIG. 6, wherein thefrusto-conical member 264 comprises a plurality of members 274 withedges 276 abutting adjacent members.

Referring back to FIG. 5, the aperture element 238 comprises a circularmember 278 that is aligned with the center axis 204. The specificdimensions of each optical element (e.g., the frusto-conical member 264,the circular member 278, the lighting assembly 210, etc.) to be used forany target relative optical distribution will depend on a combination(1) LED light source (or “engine”) size and native optical distributiondetermined by standard source imaging goniometers, and (2) opticalproperties (e.g., scattering, transmittance, reflectance, absorption,etc.) of the envelop, cone element and surface, annular surface, andcoatings on the heating dissipating element. In one example, where a lowloss surface diffuser is used in the annulus the circular member 278 canhave a diameter of about 10 mm to about 20 mm or greater, as measuredabout the center axis 204. In other examples, the diameter can rangefrom about 1 mm to about 60 mm. Other shapes (other than circular) arealso possible for the aperture element 238 including square,rectangular, polygonal, annular, etc. In another embodiment, thecircular member 278 may be three-dimensional with a surface geometrysuch as a frusto-conical, conical, hemispherical, and the like.

The thin-wall profile 266 can have thickness from about 0.5 mm to about3 mm or more and/or, for example, of suitable thickness to provide therelative optical intensity as described above. In one embodiment, one ormore of the upper surface 268 and the lower surface 270 can have acoating disposed thereon. Values for the angle β can be from about 45°to about 135°, and in one example from about 55° to about 75° and, inanother example the angle β is 65° or greater.

In FIG. 7, the frusto-conical member 264 comprises a plurality of slots280 found between the peripheral edge of the frusto-conical member 264and the inner surface 220 of the envelope 216. In one embodiment, thefrusto-conical member 264 includes the slots 280 to provide the lightingapparatus 200 with a more appealing and/or aesthetically pleasingappearance by allowing light to illuminate the envelope 216 near theedge of the frusto-conical member 264 to reduce the bright-dark contrastthat otherwise is visible at the edge. The slots 274 can be spacedradially about the center axis 204. Each of the slots 274 can have aradial length (R_(L)), which can vary as desired. For example, theradial length (R_(L)) can vary from slot-to-slot, or the slots 274 canbe configured so the radial length (R_(L)) is uniform among theplurality of slots 274. In one embodiment, the slots 274 comprise about2% (slot width/cone diameter) and/or about 10% of the total area of thefrusto-conical member 264.

The slots 280 may be in any other geometric shape or size of opening soas to provide a region within the frusto-conical member 264 where lightis transmitted through to the envelope 216. This feature can enhance thelight intensity distribution near the north pole (e.g., the north pole106 (FIG. 1)) or to provide a more uniformly lit appearance on thesurface of the envelope 216. For example, the slots 280 might becircles, ellipses, polygons, or any other shape. The slots 280 may bepositioned at or near the edge of the frusto-conical member 264 or at ornear the circular member 272, or anywhere in between. The slots 280 maybe voids of air, or may be filled with any of the materials that areavailable for use in the circular member 272 which allow transmission oflight.

The following example further illustrates various aspects andembodiments of the present invention.

EXAMPLE

In one embodiment, a lighting apparatus (e.g., the lighting apparatus100, 200 of FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) comprises the following:

An example of an envelope (e.g., the envelope 116, 216 of FIGS. 1, 2, 3,4, and 5) comprising a Teijin ML5206 low loss diffuser having aspheriodal shape with dimensions of 53 mm×53 mm×39 mm.

An example of a reflector element (e.g., the reflector element 124, 224of FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). The reflector element comprises acone element (e.g., the cone element 234 of FIGS. 4, 5, 6, and 7)comprising a slotted polycarbonate cone with high-reflectance paintand/or high-reflectance self-adhesive laminates and/or integral moldedhigh-reflectance white plastics. The reflector element also comprises anaperture element (e.g., the aperture element 238 of FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6,and 7) comprising an 80° surface diffuser center aperture, wherein 80°is the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the intensity distributionof light scattered by the diffuser.

An example of a light source (e.g., the light source 114, 214 of FIGS. 1and 2) comprises a circular LED package on board assembly.

An example of a heat dissipating assembly (e.g., the heat dissipatingassembly 112, 212 of FIGS. 1 and 2) comprises eight (8) heat dissipatingelements (e.g., the heat dissipating elements 242 of FIGS. 2, 3, and 4)comprising Al 6061, wherein each of the heat dissipating elementscomprises a high reflectance outdoor coating and/or high-reflectancepowder coating.

FIG. 8 illustrates a plot 300 of an optical intensity distributionprofile 302 (or “optical intensity” profile 302). Data for the plot 300was gathered using a Mirror Goniometer from the embodiment of thelighting apparatus having features described above. As the opticalintensity profile 302 illustrates, the lighting apparatus achieves amean optical intensity 304 of about 100±10% at an angle (e.g., thelatitude coordinate θ of FIG. 1) up to at least 150°.

FIG. 9 illustrates a plot 400 of thermal profiles 402 comprising an8-fin profile 404 and a 12-fin profile 406. The thermal profiles 402also comprise an ambient profile 408. Data for the plot 400 was gatheredusing a thermocouple secured to one of the heat dissipating elements onthe embodiment of the lighting apparatus having features describedabove. As the 8-fin profile 404 illustrates, the lighting apparatusachieves a mean temperature of 62° C. when measured in a 25° C. ambient.

Table 1 below summarizes data for color uniformity for the embodiment ofthe lighting apparatus having features described above. The data wasgathered using a Mirror Goniometer.

TABLE 1 Du′v′ θ 0 90 180 270 0 0.0016 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019 10 0.00200.0020 0.0019 0.0019 20 0.0017 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 30 0.0016 0.00190.0016 0.0012 40 0.0013 0.0017 0.0016 0.0011 50 0.0010 0.0013 0.00190.0009 60 0.0010 0.0009 0.0023 0.0015 70 0.0014 0.0014 0.0024 0.0020 800.0018 0.0024 0.0025 0.0021 90 0.0017 0.0026 0.0018 0.0014 100 0.00180.0027 0.0014 0.0011 110 0.0016 0.0024 0.0011 0.0011 120 0.0015 0.00200.0008 0.0010 130 0.0013 0.0017 0.0006 0.0005 140 0.0012 0.0018 0.00040.0003 150 0.0009 0.0016 0.0004 0.0005

Note the color uniformity that the data of Table 1 illustrates.

A sample of embodiments of a lighting apparatus is provided below inwhich:

In one embodiment, a lighting apparatus, comprising a light diffusingassembly comprising an envelope and a reflector element; and a lightsource comprising a solid-state device, wherein the light diffusingassembly can disperse light from the solid-state device with an opticalintensity distribution of 100±20% over a latitude coordinate θ of 135°or better.

The lighting apparatus of paragraph [0061], further comprising aplurality of heat dissipating elements disposed radial about theenvelope.

The lighting apparatus of [0061], wherein the envelope comprises aspheroid shape.

The lighting apparatus of [0061], wherein the reflector elementcomprises an outer reflective portion and an inner transmissive portion.

In one embodiment, a lamp, comprising an envelope from which light canbe emitted; and a plurality of heat dissipating elements disposedradially about the envelop, the heat dissipating elements having a tipend spaced apart from the envelope to form an air gap, wherein lightfrom the envelope exhibits an optical intensity of 100±20% over alatitude coordinate θ of 135° or better.

The lamp of paragraph [0066], wherein the air gap is at least 3 mm.

The lamp of paragraph [0066], wherein the heat dissipating elements fitwithin a form factor defined by ANSI standard for A19 lamps.

The lamp of paragraph [0066], wherein the heat dissipating elements areequally-spaced radially apart from one another.

The lamp of paragraph [0066], wherein the heat dissipating elementscomprise a reflective coating.

The lamp of paragraph [0066], further comprising a light source inthermal contact with the heat dissipating elements, wherein the lightsource comprises a plurality of light emitting diodes.

This written description uses examples to disclose embodiments of theinvention, including the best mode, and also to enable any personskilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and usingany devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. Thepatentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and mayinclude other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Suchother examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if theyhave structural elements that do not differ from the literal language ofthe claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements withinsubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A lighting apparatus, comprising: an envelopeforming an interior volume and comprising light-transmissive material; aheat dissipating assembly comprising a plurality of heat dissipatingelements arranged radially about a center axis; and a light source inthermal contact with the heat dissipating assembly.
 2. The lightingapparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises one or morelight emitting diodes.
 3. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein thelight source comprises one or more organic light emitting diodes.
 4. Thelighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein heat dissipating elements have atip end proximate the envelope, and wherein the air gap at the tip endis about 2 mm or greater.
 5. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe heat dissipating elements fit within an A-type lamp profile or aG-type lamp profile.
 6. The lighting apparatus of claim 1,wherein theplurality of heat dissipating elements are spaced-apart from theenvelope forming an air gap.
 7. The lighting apparatus of claim 1,wherein the plurality of heat dissipating elements are substantiallyequally spaced from one another.
 8. A lighting apparatus, comprising: anenvelope forming an interior volume and comprising light-transmissivematerial; a heat dissipating assembly comprising a plurality of heatdissipating elements arranged radially about a center axis; and a lightsource in thermal contact with the heat dissipating assembly; whereinthe plurality of heat dissipating elements have a base end below theenvelope and a body element that extends from the base end, the bodyelement terminating at a tip end proximate the envelope.
 9. A lightingapparatus, comprising: an envelope forming an interior volume andcomprising light-transmissive material; a reflector element disposed inthe interior volume; and a light source comprising one or more lightemitting diodes.
 10. The lighting apparatus of claim 9, wherein thereflector element comprises a frusto-conical member.
 11. The lightingapparatus of claim 10, wherein the frusto-conical member tapers from itscenter axis toward the envelope.
 12. The lighting apparatus of claim 9,wherein the reflector element comprises an aperture element disposed atits center axis.
 13. The lighting apparatus of claim 12, wherein theaperture element comprises a circular member aligned with the centeraxis.
 14. The lighting apparatus of claim 9, wherein said lightingapparatus exhibits an optical intensity distribution of about 100±20%over a latitude coordinate θ of about 135° or greater.
 15. The lightingapparatus of claim 9, wherein said lighting apparatus exhibits anoptical intensity distribution of about 100±10% over a latitudecoordinate of about 150° or greater.
 16. The lighting apparatus of claim9, wherein the reflector element comprises one or more slots disposedradially about the center axis and positioned between the reflectorelement and the envelope.